{
  "id": "gpu-manufacturing-cost",
  "title": {
    "zh-hans": "GPU 制造成本拆解",
    "zh-hant": "GPU 製造成本拆解",
    "en": "GPU manufacturing cost breakdown"
  },
  "unit": "$ / GPU",
  "region": "global",
  "layer": "01",
  "frequency": "on-demand",
  "sources": {
    "epoch-ai-2025-12": {
      "name": "Epoch AI：B200 制造成本拆解（2025-12）",
      "tier": "D"
    }
  },
  "methodology": [
    {
      "zh-hans": "零件按供应商售价计，加上封装良率损失得到制造成本；不含研发和公司开支。",
      "zh-hant": "零件按供應商售價計，加上封裝良率損失得到製造成本；不含研發和公司開支。",
      "en": "Parts are valued at supplier prices; adding packaging yield loss gives manufacturing cost. R&D and overhead are excluded."
    }
  ],
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-06",
      "note": {
        "zh-hans": "首次发布",
        "zh-hant": "首次發布",
        "en": "First issue"
      }
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "source": "epoch-ai-2025-12",
      "status": "estimate",
      "item": {
        "zh-hans": "HBM",
        "zh-hant": "HBM",
        "en": "HBM"
      },
      "value": 2900
    },
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "source": "epoch-ai-2025-12",
      "status": "estimate",
      "item": {
        "zh-hans": "CoWoS 封装",
        "zh-hant": "CoWoS 封裝",
        "en": "CoWoS packaging"
      },
      "value": 1100
    },
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "source": "epoch-ai-2025-12",
      "status": "estimate",
      "item": {
        "zh-hans": "两颗 die",
        "zh-hant": "兩顆 die",
        "en": "Two dies"
      },
      "value": 900
    },
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "source": "epoch-ai-2025-12",
      "status": "estimate",
      "item": {
        "zh-hans": "良率损失",
        "zh-hant": "良率損失",
        "en": "Yield loss"
      },
      "value": 1000
    },
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "source": "epoch-ai-2025-12",
      "status": "estimate",
      "item": {
        "zh-hans": "载板、测试等",
        "zh-hant": "載板、測試等",
        "en": "Substrate, test & other"
      },
      "value": 480
    }
  ],
  "license": "Cite as Watts / FLOPs, wattsandflops.com"
}